1.
over a host of hacker-related web sites, including the GNU
2.
According to section 10 of the GNU General Public License,
3.
The mutual success of GNU/ LinuxThe acronym GNU stands
4.
And I tried letters, and I came across the word "GNU
5.
Not only does this avoid confusion with the word "gnu," the name of the African antelope, Connochaetes gnou , it also avoids confusion with the adjective "new
6.
ing the GNU Project in 1984,5 Stallman has been at turns ig-
7.
Through it all, the GNU
8.
cording to section 10 of the GNU General Public License, Ver-
9.
on the history of the GNU Project and the project's overt polit-
10.
They were created by GNU Project volunteers, put-
11.
ers and entrepreneurs eager to downplay the GNU Project's
12.
Linux with no mention of the GNU Project at all," Stallman
13.
which Stallman confesses to wanting to name the ill-fated GNU
14.
As fate would have it, Stallman's fanciful GNU
15.
derwrite the early stages of the GNU Project
16.
programs and tools that could be converted into GNU pro-
17.
"I therefore decided that my first program for the GNU Project would be a
18.
Following the release of GNU
19.
"See Richard Stallman, "The GNU Manifesto" (1985)
20.
With the release of GNU Emacs, the GNU Project finally had
21.
to speeding the GNU Project towards its goal
22.
the time of Stallman's initial GNU announcement was becom-
23.
inquiries into ongoing GNU software projects
24.
this," says Stallman, holding up one woman's print out of the GNU General Public License, "but only if you promise me to
25.
years leading up to the GNU Project, Stallman says he began
26.
the purposes of the GNU Project, Stallman says
27.
ulting "derivative" works would also have carry the same GNU
28.
nally released GNU Emacs in 1985
29.
cussing ways to "port" the GNU Emacs License over to their own programs
30.
Soon, we hope, Emacs will not be the biggest part of the GNU system,
31.
himself was at work with GNU Project's next major milestone,
32.
(Reprinted on the GNU Project web site: ht-
33.
"I think it's highly unlikely that we ever would have gone as strongly as we did without the GNU influence," says Bostic,
34.
Tiemann found added inspiration in the GNU Manifesto,
35.
Teaming up with John Gilmore, another GNU Project fan,
36.
"It's the hello world program which is five lines of C, packaged up as if it were a GNU distribution," Morin says
37.
It's got all the other software engineering goo that the GNU
38.
but also all of the other GNU Project software
39.
Nevertheless, as GNU tools made their mark in the late
40.
As with most GNU Pro-
41.
A review of GNU Project "GNUsletters" of the late 1980s reflects the management tension
42.
nounced to the world that the GNU Project was working to
43.
February of 1988, the GNU Project announced that it had shif-
44.
All told, however, official GNU
45.
battle, provided a troublesome backdrop for the GNU Project
46.
Although both suits fell outside the scope of the GNU Project,
47.
reward for launching the GNU Project and giving voice to the
48.
travels in support of the GNU Project mission
49.
Interestingly, the ultimate success of the GNU Project and
50.
age of was the GNU C Compiler, a tool that made it possible to
51.
looked to other GNU programs to fold into the growing Linux
52.
Linux as anything less than a holdover until the GNU de-
53.
ical attitudes during the earliest days of the GNU Project
54.
while the GNU Project had not yet reached its goal of a fully in-
55.
first articulated by Stallman in the GNU Manifesto? Or was it
56.
Stallman, founder of the GNU
57.
By 1993, the GNU Project's inability to deliver a working ker-
58.
nel was leading to problems both within the GNU Project and
59.
GNU Project as "bogged down" despite the success of the
60.
GNU Emacs team and later Stallman critic, says the problem
61.
the time that the GNU Project started to design their kernel
62.
the GNU Project team underestimated the difficulty of expand-
63.
Written in the spirit of Stallman's "GNU Manifesto" from a decade before, it explained the importance of working closely with
64.
the success of GNU Emacs and GCC, which are not commercial
65.
" At first, Murdock says, Stallman had wanted to use the term " Lignux"-"as in Linux with GNU at the heart of it"-but a sample testing of the term on Usenet and in various impromptu
66.
"GNU" prefix as a belated quest for credit, Murdock saw it differently
67.
new functions to the Linux kernel, the GNU Project's glibc
68.
Frustrated by delays and the GNU Project's growing reputation
69.
compatibility between Linux and the GNU system that Stall-
70.
As leader of the GNU Project, Stallman had already experi-
71.
Still, at the time, there was a concern that if the Linux community saw itself as a different thing as the GNU community, it might be a force for
72.
was an underlying lack of awareness of the GNU Project and
73.
Linux users didn't care about the GNU Project," Stallman says
74.
care about the GNU Project
75.
variant of the GNU system, and they cared so little
76.
less than anybody else about GNU
77.
"If the GNU kernel had been ready last spring, I'd not have bothered to even start my project
78.
the GNU Project had rolled out its HURD kernel, chances were
79.
tury of Unix , issued a call for papers to members of the GNU
80.
Active in the GNU Project during the 1980s, Raymond had
81.
"There was a thing in the Linux documentation which says print out the GNU coding
82.
the decade since launching the GNU Project, Stallman had
83.
Dubbed " The Cathedral and the Bazaar," the speech contrasted the management styles of the GNU Project with the man-
84.
wanted to make sure the GNU tradition was represented at the
85.
led Stallman to battle Symbolics and to launch the GNU Pro-
86.
man and his GNU colleagues
87.
What history says about the GNU Project, twenty years from
88.
ing me between the Open Publication License and the GNU
89.
determination during the earliest days of the GNU Project
90.
such as the GNU C Compiler and the GNU Debugger
91.
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Ver-
92.
license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
93.
gnu improved – probably a reference in a foreign language since the noun precedes the adjective, referring to an animal that should be healthier
94.
couple and a few blue gnu, all safely huddled within the fence-stitched arms of the
95.
was published in March 1985 as the GNU Manifesto
96.
The GNU project had a microkernel, and to add the
97.
released under the GNU General Public License
98.
Written in the C programming language, Linux uses GNU tools, which are freely available
99.
mp/minix3] or GNU Hurd [j
100.
To this category seems to belong the “Ape riding a Gnu,” the forms, however, being true to nature though appearing fantastic when placed in juxtaposition
