1.
The apartment trees had been planted above it while the American colonies were raw frontier
2.
While Municipal Corporations and the state government have their responsibilities, with the increasing urban population, haphazard growth of slums and colonies, the problems cannot be solved without the involvement of the people
3.
There were over a hundred mortals already alive in the Alpha Centauri system in the various space colonies, including eight in the huge life support area on Abraham’s Lamp
4.
These prices are all above the London price ; and wages are said to be as high in the other colonies as in New York
5.
In the British colonies in North America, it has been found that they double in twenty or five-and-twenty years
6.
In our North American and West Indian colonies, not only the wages of labour, but the interest of money, and consequently the profits of stock, are higher than in England
7.
In the different colonies, both the legal and the market rate of interest run from six to eight percent
8.
High wages of labour and high profits of stock, however, are things, perhaps, which scarce ever go together, except in the peculiar circumstances of new colonies
9.
In the greater part of our colonies, accordingly, both the legal and the market rate of interest have been considerably reduced during the course of the present century
10.
The sugar colonies possessed by the European nations in the West Indies may be compared to those precious vineyards
11.
What is there called the quintal, weighs from a hundred and fifty to two hundred Paris pounds, or a hundred and seventy-five Paris pounds at a medium, which reduces the price of the hundred weight English to about eight shillings sterling; not a fourth part of what is commonly paid for the brown or muscovada sugars imported from our colonies, and not a sixth part of what is paid for the finest white sugar
12.
But in our sugar colonies, the price of sugar bears no such proportion to that of the produce of a rice or corn field either in Europe or America
13.
We see frequently societies of merchants in London, and other trading towns, purchase waste lands in our sugar colonies, which they expect to improve and cultivate with profit, by means of factors and agents, notwithstanding the great distance and the uncertain returns, from the defective administration of justice in those countries
14.
I have never even heard of any tobacco plantation that was improved and cultivated by the capital of merchants who resided in Great Britain; and our tobacco colonies send us home no such wealthy planters as we see frequently arrive from our sugar islands
15.
Though, from the preference given in those colonies to the cultivation of tobacco above that of corn, it would appear that the effectual demand of Europe for tobacco is not completely supplied, it probably is more nearly so than that for sugar; and though the present price of tobacco is probably more than sufficient to pay the whole rent, wages, and profit, necessary for preparing and bringing it to market, according to the rate at which they are commonly paid in corn land, it must not be so much more as the present price of sugar
16.
In Carolina, where the planters, as in other British colonies, are generally both farmers and landlords, and where rent, consequently, is confounded with profit, the cultivation of rice is found to be more profitable than that of corn, though their fields produce only one crop in the year, and though, from the prevalence of the customs of Europe, rice is not there the common and favourite vegetable food of the people
17.
The English colonies are altogether a new market, which, partly for coin, and partly for plate, requires a continual augmenting supply of silver through a great continent where there never was any demand before
18.
The greater part, too, of the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, are altogether new markets
19.
The Spanish colonies are under a government in many respects less favourable to agriculture, improvement, and population, than that of the English colonies
20.
In a fertile soil and happy climate, the great abundance and cheapness of land, a circumstance common to all new colonies, is, it seems, so great an advantage, as to compensate many defects in civil government
21.
The difference in their accounts of the populousness of several other principal towns of Chili and Peru is nearly the same ; and as there seems to be no reason to doubt of the good information of either, it marks an increase which is scarce inferior to that of the English colonies
22.
Some part is sent annually by the Acapulco ships to Manilla; some part is employed in a contraband trade, which the Spanish colonies carry on with those of other European nations; and some part, no doubt, remains in the country
23.
In all new colonies, the great quantity of waste land, which can for many years be applied to no other purpose but the feeding of cattle, soon renders them extremely abundant ; and in every thing great cheapness is the necessary consequence of great abundance
24.
Though all the cattle of the European colonies in America were originally carried from Europe, they soon multiplied so much there, and became of so little value, that even horses were allowed to run wild in the woods, without any owner thinking it worth while to claim them
25.
It must be a long time after the first establishment of such colonies, before it can become profitable to feed cattle upon the produce of cultivated land
26.
Mr Kalm, the Swedish traveller, when he gives an account of the husbandry of some of the English colonies in North America, as he found it in 1749, observes, accordingly, that he can with difficulty discover there the character of the English nation, so well skilled in all the different branches of agriculture
27.
In colonies, it’s often the descendants of original settlers
28.
Notwithstanding any regulation of this kind, it appeared, by the course of exchange with Great Britain, that £100 sterling was occasionally considered as equivalent, in some of the colonies, to £130, and in others to so great a sum as £1100 currency ; this difference in the value arising from the difference in the quantity of paper emitted in the different colonies, and in the distance and probability of the term of its final discharge and redemption
29.
No law, therefore, could be more equitable than the act of parliament, so unjustly complained of in the colonies, which declared, that no paper currency to be emitted there in time coming, should be a legal tender of payment
30.
Pennsylvania was always more moderate in its emissions of paper money than any other of our colonies
31.
sterling to pass in the colonies for 6s:3d
32.
It was in all the colonies very much above what could be employed in this manner
33.
They’d felled every forest in their heartland and in their colonies, as well
34.
It has been the principal cause of the rapid progress of our American colonies towards wealth and greatness, that almost their whole capitals have hitherto been employed in agriculture
35.
In our North American colonies, where uncultivated land is still to be had upon easy terms, no manufactures for distant sale have ever yet been established in any of their towns
36.
The progress of our North American and West Indian colonies, would have been much less rapid, had no capital but what belonged to themselves been employed in exporting their surplus produce
37.
They were all, or almost all, slaves, but their slavery was of a milder kind than that known among the ancient Greeks and Romans, or even in our West Indian colonies
38.
In the English colonies, of which the principal produce is corn, the far greater part of the work is done by freemen
39.
In our sugar colonies
40.
, on the contrary, the whole work is done by slaves, and in our tobacco colonies a very great part of it
41.
The profits of a sugar plantation in any of our West Indian colonies, are generally much greater than those of any other cultivation that is known either in Europe or America ; and the profits of a tobacco plantation, though inferior to those of sugar, are superior to those of corn, as has already been observed
42.
The number of negroes, accordingly, is much greater, in proportion to that of whites, in our sugar than in our tobacco colonies
43.
and manufactures, with the rapid advances of our North American colonies, of which the wealth is founded altogether in agriculture
44.
In several of our North American colonies, it is found to double in twenty or five-and-twenty years
45.
That to their colonies is carried on in their own, and is much greater, on account of the great riches and extent of those colonies
46.
No other reason need be assigned why it has never been so advantageous as the trade to America, which, between almost every nation of Europe and its own colonies, is free to all its
47.
By the establishment of colonies in distant countries, not only particular privileges, but a monopoly was frequently procured for the goods and merchants of the country which established them
48.
It would be, at least, three times more advantageous than the boasted trade with our North American colonies, in which the returns were seldom made in less than three years, frequently not in less than four or five years
49.
Our North American colonies were never supposed to contain more than 3,000,000; and France is a much richer country than North America; though, on account of the more unequal distribution of riches, there is much more poverty and beggary in the one country than in the other
50.
four-and-twenty times more advantageous than that which our North American colonies ever afforded
51.
The trade of Great Britain would be just as advantageous to France, and, in proportion to the wealth, population, and proximity of the respective countries, would have the same superiority over that which France carries on with her own colonies
52.
The state of our North American colonies, and of the trade which they carried on with Great Britain, before the commencement of the present disturbances, {This paragraph was written in the year 1775
53.
Before the revolt of our North American colonies, we had the monopoly of the tobacco of Maryland and Virginia
54.
These rules took place with regard to all places of lawful exportation, except the British colonies in America
55.
7, called an act for the encouragement of trade, had given Great Britain the monopoly of supplying the colonies with all the commodities of the growth or manufacture of Europe, and consequently with wines
56.
In a country of so extensive a coast as our North American and West Indian colonies, where our authority was always so very slender, and where the inhabitants were allowed to carry out in their own ships their non-enumerated commodities, at first to all parts of Europe, and afterwards to all parts of Europe south of Cape Finisterre, it is not very probable that this monopoly could ever be much respected ; and they probably at all times found means of bringing back some cargo from the countries to which they were allowed to carry out one
57.
These circumstances had probably introduced that general taste for Madeira wine, which our officers found established in all our colonies at the commencement of the war which began in 1755, and which they brought back with them to the mother country, where that wine had not been much in fashion before
58.
were allowed to be drawn back upon the exportation to the colonies of all wines
59.
The period between the granting of this indulgence and the revolt of our North American colonies, was probably too short to admit of any considerable change in the customs of those countries
60.
The same act which, in the drawbacks upon all wines, except French wines, thus favoured the colonies so much more than other countries, in those upon the greater part of other commodities, favoured them much less
61.
But this law enacted, that no part of that duty should be drawn back upon the exportation to the colonies of any commodities of the growth or manufacture either of Europe or the East Indies, except wines, white calicoes, and muslins
62.
A drawback, for example, upon the exportation of European goods to our American colonies, will not always occasion a greater exportation than what would have taken place without it
63.
How far such drawbacks can be justified as a proper encouragement to the industry of our colonies, or how far it is advantageous to the mother country that they should be exempted from taxes which are paid by all the rest of their
64.
fellow-subjects, will appear hereafter, when I come to treat of colonies
65.
Of the Motives for Establishing New Colonies
66.
The interest which occasioned the first settlement of the different European colonies in America and the West Indies, was not altogether so plain and distinct as that which directed the establishment of those of ancient Greece and Rome
67.
The colonies of the Dorians resorted chiefly to Italy and Sicily, which, in the times preceding the foundation of Rome, were inhabited by barbarous and uncivilized nations; those of the Ionians and Aeolians, the two other great tribes of the Greeks, to Asia Minor and the islands of the Aegean sea, of which the inhabitants sewn at that time to have been pretty much in the same state as those of Sicily and Italy
68.
But though the Roman colonies were, in many respects, different from the Greek ones, the interest which prompted to establish them was equally plain and distinct
69.
In the English, French, Dutch, and Danish colonies, none have ever yet been discovered, at least none that are at present supposed to be worth the working
70.
Causes of the Prosperity of New Colonies
71.
The colonies carry out with them a knowledge of agriculture and of other useful arts, superior to what can grow up of its own accord, in the course of many centuries, among savage and barbarous nations
72.
In other countries, rent and profit eat up wages, and the two superior orders of people oppress the inferior one ; but in new colonies, the interest of the two superior orders obliges them to treat the inferior one with more generosity and humanity, at least where that inferior one is not in a state of slavery
73.
The increase of revenue which the proprietor, who is always the undertaker, expects from their improvement, constitutes his profit, which, in these circumstances, is commonly very great; but this great profit cannot be made, without employing the labour of other people in clearing and cultivating the land; and the disproportion between the great extent of the land and the small number of the people, which commonly takes place in new colonies, makes it difficult for him to get this labour
74.
The progress of many of the ancient Greek colonies towards wealth and greatness seems accordingly to have been very rapid
75.
All those colonies had established themselves in countries inhabited by savage and barbarous nations, who easily gave place to the new settlers
76.
The history of the Roman colonies is by no means so brilliant
77.
In the plenty of good land, the European colonies established in America and the West Indies resemble, and even greatly surpass, those of ancient Greece
78.
government of Spain has, upon many occasions, been obliged to recall or soften the orders which had been given for the government of her colonies, for fear of a general insurrection
79.
The progress of all the European colonies in wealth, population, and improvement, has accordingly been very great
80.
The crown of Spain, by its share of the gold and silver, derived some revenue from its colonies from the moment of their first establishment
81.
The Spanish colonies, therefore, from the moment of their first establishment, attracted very much the attention of their mother country; while those of the other European nations were for a long time in a great measure neglected
82.
In proportion to the extent of the country which they in some measure possess, the Spanish colonies are considered as less populous and thriving than those of almost any other European nation
83.
The progress even of the Spanish colonies, however, in population and improvement, has certainly been very rapid and very great
84.
These numbers exceed greatly those of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, the three greatest cities of the English colonies
85.
These little settlements, too, were under the government of an exclusive company, which had the sole right, both of purchasing the surplus produce of the colonies, and of supplying them with such goods of other countries as they wanted, and which, therefore, both in its purchases and sales, had not only the power of oppressing them, but the greatest temptation to do so
86.
It was not, however, able to stop altogether the progress of these colonies, though it rendered it more slow and languid
87.
The late king of Denmark dissolved this company, and since that time the prosperity of these colonies has been very great
88.
The progress of some of them, therefore, though it has been considerable in comparison with that of almost any country that has been long peopled and established, has been languid and slow in comparison with that of the greater part of new colonies
89.
The colony of Surinam, though very considerable, is still inferior to the greater part of the sugar colonies of the other European nations
90.
Under so unfavourable an administration, its progress was necessarily very slow, in comparison with that of other new colonies; but it became much more rapid when this company was dissolved, after the fall of what is called the Mississippi scheme
91.
Even the oppression of the exclusive company, to which it was for some time subjected with all the other colonies of France, though it no doubt retarded, had not been able to stop its progress altogether
92.
It is now the most important of the sugar colonies of the West Indies, and its produce is said to be greater than that of all the English sugar colonies put together
93.
The other sugar colonies of France are in general all very thriving
94.
But there are no colonies of which the progress has been more rapid than that of the English in North America
95.
Plenty of good land, and liberty to manage their own affairs their own way, seem to be the two great causes of the prosperity of all new colonies
96.
In the plenty of good land, the English colonies of North America, though no doubt very abundantly provided, are, however, inferior to those of the Spaniards and Portuguese, and not superior to some of those possessed by the French before the late war
97.
But the political institutions of the English colonies have been more favourable to the improvement and cultivation of this land, than those of the other three nations
98.
First, The engrossing of uncultivated land, though it has by no means been prevented altogether, has been more restrained in the English colonies than in any other
99.
In the other English colonies, indeed, the right of primogeniture takes place, as in the law of England: But in all the English colonies, the tenure of the lands, which are all held by free soccage, facilitates alienation ; and the grantee of an extensive tract of land generally finds it for his interest to alienate, as fast as he can, the greater part of it, reserving only a small quit-rent
100.
In the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, what is called the right of majorazzo takes place in the succession of all those great estates to which any title of honour is annexed
