1.
"I have delivered lock fittings bigger than this but that was at competitive wages
2.
"That's a full year's wages son, so no, I don't think so
3.
For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in
4.
His staff was happy with the style and got into it, especially when they found there were good wages involved so there were now some creative artists turning out some really beautiful saddles using some of the exotic plumes that come from the tails of many species of local animals
5.
Taxes in the time of Jesus were somewhere around 80 or 90 percent of the Jew’s wages
6.
“She has lived entirely on plunder, and the wages of prostitution”
7.
The girl’s a trained hairdresser and her mum has a job for her if she can only find accommodation in the village – and you know just how difficult that is! There wouldn’t be a problem with the rent as she would be eligible for assistance if her wages are too low
8.
accepting the increase in wages without a second thought, took
9.
'I'll have to dock your wages, I can see that
10.
are not filled with drink; ye clothe you, but there is none warm; and he that earns wages
11.
earns wages to put it into a bag with holes
12.
It must be getting on for five years … or was it six? She’d been dancing in the troupe for several seasons – become a long standing member of the group of girls who spent their time working in the revue, keeping body and soul together on the wages Masa paid them
13.
In exchanging the complete manufacture either for money, for labour, or for other goods, over and above what may be sufficient to pay the price of the materials, and the wages of the workmen, something must be given for the profits of the undertaker of the work, who hazards his stock in this adventure
14.
The value which the workmen add to the materials, therefore, resolves itself in this case into two parts, of which the one pays their wages, the other the profits of their employer upon the whole stock of materials and wages which he advanced
15.
The profits of stock, it may perhaps be thought, are only a different name for the wages of a particular sort of labour, the labour of inspection and direction
16.
His wages properly express the value of this labour of inspection and direction
17.
In the price of commodities, therefore, the profits of stock constitute a component part altogether different from the wages of labour, and regulated by quite different principles
18.
An additional quantity, it is evident, must be due for the profits of the stock which advanced the wages and furnished the materials of that labour
19.
In the price of corn, for example, one part pays the rent of the landlord, another pays the wages or maintenance of the labourers and labouring cattle employed in producing it, and the third pays the profit of the farmer
20.
But it must be considered, that the price of any instrument of husbandry, such as a labouring horse, is itself made up of the same time parts ; the rent of the land upon which he is reared, the labour of tending and rearing him, and the profits of the farmer, who advances both the rent of this land, and the wages of this labour
21.
In the price of flour or meal, we must add to the price of the corn, the profits of the miller, and the wages of his servants ; in the price of bread, the profits of the baker, and the wages of his servants; and in the price of both, the labour of transporting the corn from the house of the farmer to that of the miller, and from that of the miller to that of the baker, together with the profits of those who advance the wages of that labour
22.
In the price of linen we must add to this price the wages of the flax-dresser, of the spinner, of the weaver, of the bleacher, etc
23.
As any particular commodity comes to be more manufactured, that part of the price which resolves itself into wages and profit, comes to be greater in proportion to that which resolves itself into rent
24.
The capital which employs the weavers, for example, must be greater than that which employs the spinners; because it not only replaces that capital with its profits, but pays, besides, the wages of the weavers : and the profits must always bear some proportion to the capital
25.
In the most improved societies, however, there are always a few commodities of which the price resolves itself into two parts only the wages of labour, and the profits of stock ; and a still smaller number, in which it consists altogether in the wages of labour
26.
The price which is paid to them by the stone-cutter, is altogether the wages of their labour ; neither rent nor profit makes an part of it
27.
As the price or exchangeable value of every particular commodity, taken separately, resolves itself into some one or other, or all of those three parts ; so that of all the commodities which compose the whole annual produce of the labour of every country, taken complexly, must resolve itself into the same three parts, and be parcelled out among different inhabitants of the country, either as the wages of their labour, the profits of their stock, or the rent of their land
28.
Wages, profit, and rent, are the three original sources of all revenue, as well as of all exchangeable value
29.
The revenue derived from labour is called wages; that derived from stock, by the person who manages or employs it, is called profit; that derived from it by the person who does not employ it himself, but lends it to another, is called the interest or the use of money
30.
To him, land is only the instrument which enables him to earn the wages of this labour, and to make the profits of this stock
31.
All taxes, and all the revenue which is founded upon them, all salaries, pensions, and annuities of every kind, are ultimately derived from some one or other of those three original sources of revenue, and are paid either immediately or mediately from the wages of labour, the profits of stock, or the rent of land
32.
What remains of the crop, after paying the rent, therefore, should not only replace to them their stock employed in cultivation, together with its ordinary profits, but pay them the wages which are due to them, both as labourers and overseers
33.
But wages evidently make a part of it
34.
The farmer, by saving these wages, must necessarily gain them
35.
Wages, therefore, are in this case confounded with profit
36.
An independent manufacturer, who has stock enough both to purchase materials, and to maintain himself till he can carry his work to market, should gain both the wages of a journeyman who works under a master, and the
37.
His whole gains, however, are commonly called profit, and wages are, in this case, too, confounded with profit
38.
His produce, therefore, should pay him the rent of the first, the profit of the second, and the wages of the third
39.
Both rent and profit are, in this case, confounded with wages
40.
These ordinary or average rates may be called the natural rates of wages, profit and rent, at the time and place in which they commonly prevail
41.
When the price of any commodity is neither more nor less than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land, the wages of the labour, and the profits of the stock employed in raising, preparing, and bringing it to market, according to their natural rates, the commodity is then sold for what may be called its natural price
42.
The occasional and temporary fluctuations in the market price of any commodity fall chiefly upon those parts of its price which resolve themselves into wages and profit
43.
Such fluctuations affect both the value and the rate, either of wages or of profit, according as the market happens to be either overstocked or understocked with commodities or with labour, with work done, or with work to be done
44.
It has no effect upon the wages of the weavers
45.
It raises the wages of journeymen tailors
46.
It sinks, too, the wages of the workmen employed in preparing such commodities, for which all demand is stopped for six months, perhaps for a twelvemonth
47.
They properly consist in the high wages of that labour
48.
The whole quantity brought to market, therefore, may be disposed of to those who are willing to give more than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land which produced them, together with the wages of the labour and the profits of the stock which were employed in preparing and bringing them to market, according to their natural rates
49.
The wages of the labour, and the profits of the stock employed in bringing such commodities to market, on the contrary, are seldom out of their natural proportion to those of the other employments of labour and stock in their neighbourhood
50.
The same statutes of apprenticeship and other corporation laws, indeed, which, when a manufacture is in prosperity, enable the workman to raise his wages a good deal above their natural rate, sometimes oblige him, when it decays, to let them down a good deal below it
51.
The effect of such regulations, however, is not near so durable in sinking the workman's wages below, as in raising them above their natural rate
52.
The policy must be as violent as that of Indostan or ancient Egypt (where every man was bound by a principle of religion to follow the occupation of his father, and was supposed to commit the most horrid sacrilege if he changed it for another), which can in any particular employment, and for several generations together, sink either the wages of labour or the profits of stock below their natural rate
53.
The natural price itself varies with the natural rate of each of its component parts, of wages, profit, and rent; and in every society this rate varies according to their circumstances, according to their riches or poverty, their advancing, stationary, or declining condition
54.
First, I shall endeavour to explain what are the circumstances which naturally determine the rate of wages, and in what manner those circumstances are affected by the riches or poverty, by the advancing, stationary, or declining state of the society
55.
Though pecuniary wages and profit are very different in the different employments of labour and stock ; yet a certain proportion seems commonly to take place between both the pecuniary wages in all the different employments of labour, and the pecuniary profits in all the different employments of stock
56.
OF THE WAGES OF LABOUR
57.
The produce of labour constitutes the natural recompence or wages of labour
58.
Had this state continued, the wages of labour would have augmented with all those improvements in its productive powers, to which the division of labour gives occasion
59.
It was at an end, therefore, long before the most considerable improvements were made in the productive powers of labour ; and it would be to no purpose to trace further what might have been its effects upon the recompence or wages of labour
60.
In all arts and manufactures, the greater part of the workmen stand in need of a master, to advance them the materials of their work, and their wages and maintenance, till it be completed
61.
Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but constant and uniform, combination, not to raise the wages of labour above their actual rate
62.
Masters, too, sometimes enter into particular combinations to sink the wages of labour even below this rate
63.
When in any country the demand for those who live by wages, labourers, journeymen, servants of every kind, is continually increasing; when every year furnishes employment for a greater number than had been employed the year before, the workmen have no occasion to combine in order to raise their wages
64.
The scarcity of hands occasions a competition among masters, who bid against one another in order to get workmen, and thus voluntarily break through the natural combination of masters not to raise wages
65.
The demand for those who live by wages, it is evident, cannot increase but in proportion to the increase of the funds which are destined to the payment of wages
66.
The demand for those who live by wages, therefore, necessarily increases with the increase of the revenue and stock of every country, and cannot possibly increase without it
67.
The demand for those who live by wages, therefore, naturally increases with the increase of national wealth, and cannot possibly increase without it
68.
These prices are all above the London price ; and wages are said to be as high in the other colonies as in New York
69.
Though the wealth of a country should be very great, yet if it has been long stationary, we must not expect to find the wages of labour very high in it
70.
The funds destined for the payment of wages, the revenue and stock of its inhabitants, may be of the greatest extent; but if they have continued for several centuries of the same, or very nearly of the same extent, the number of labourers employed every year could easily supply, and even more than supply, the number wanted the following year
71.
If in such a country the wages off labour had ever been more than sufficient to maintain the labourer, and to enable him to bring up a family, the competition of the labourers and the interest of the masters would soon reduce them to the lowest rate which is consistent with common humanity
72.
The accounts of all travellers, inconsistent in many other respects, agree in the low wages of labour, and in the difficulty which a labourer finds in bringing up a family in China
73.
The lowest class being not only overstocked with its own workmen, but with the overflowings of all the other classes, the competition for employment would be so great in it, as to reduce the wages of labour to the most miserable and scanty subsistence of the labourer
74.
In Great Britain, the wages of labour seem, in the present times, to be evidently more than what is precisely necessary to enable the labourer to bring up a family
75.
There are many plain symptoms, that the wages of labour are nowhere in this country regulated by this lowest rate, which is consistent with common humanity
76.
Wages, therefore, being highest when this expense is lowest, it seems evident that they are not regulated by what is necessary for this expense, but by the quantity and supposed value of the work
77.
A labourer, it may be said, indeed, ought to save part of his summer wages, in order to defray his winter expense; and that, through the whole year, they do not exceed what is necessary to maintain his family through the whole year
78.
Secondly, the wages of labour do not, in Great Britain, fluctuate with the price of provisions
79.
Thirdly, as the price of provisions varies more from year to year than the wages of labour, so, on the other hand, the wages of labour vary more from place to place than the price of provisions
80.
But the wages of labour in a great town and its neighbourhood, are frequently a fourth or a fifth part, twenty or five-and--twenty per cent
81.
This difference, however, in the mode of their subsistence, is not the cause, but the effect, of the difference in their wages; though, by a strange misapprehension, I have frequently heard it represented as the cause
82.
Through the greater part of the Low country, the most usual wages of common labour are now eight pence a-day ; tenpence, sometimes a shilling, about Edinburgh, in the counties which border upon England, probably on account of that neighbourhood, and in a few other places where there has lately been a considerable rise in the demand for labour, about Glasgow, Carron, Ayrshire, etc
83.
In the last century, accordingly, as well as in the present, the wages of labour were higher in England than in Scotland
84.
They have risen, too, considerably since that time, though, on account of the greater variety of wages paid there in different places, it is more difficult to ascertain how much
85.
When it was first established, it would naturally be regulated by the usual wages of common labourers, the rank of people from which foot soldiers are commonly drawn
86.
Both the pecuniary income and expense of such families have increased considerably since that time through the greater part of the kingdom, in some places more, and in some less, though perhaps scarce anywhere so much as some exaggerated accounts of the present wages of labour have lately represented them to the public
87.
Where wages are not regulated by law, all that we can pretend to determine is, what are the most usual; and experience seems to shew that law can never regulate them properly, though it has often pretended to do so
88.
The wages paid to journeymen and servants of every kind must be such as may enable them, one with another to continue the race of journeymen and servants, according as the increasing, diminishing, or stationary demand of the society, may happen to require
89.
It is found to do so even at Boston, New-York, and Philadelphia, where the wages of common labour are so very high
90.
The wages of labour are the encouragement of industry, which, like every other human quality, improves in proportion to the encouragement it receives
91.
Where wages are high, accordingly, we shall always find the workmen more active, diligent, and expeditious, than where they are low ; in England, for example, than in Scotland; in the neighbourhood of great towns, than in remote country places
92.
Something of the same kind happens in many other trades, in which the workmen are paid by the piece; as they generally are in manufactures, and even in country labour, wherever wages are higher than ordinary
93.
More people want employment than easily get it ; many are willing to take it upon lower terms than ordinary ; and the wages of both servants and journeymen frequently sink in dear years
94.
The superiority of the independent workman over those servants who are hired by the month or by the year, and whose wages and maintenance are the same, whether they do much or do little, is likely to be still greater
95.
In the ordinary variations of the prices of provisions, those two opposite causes seem to counterbalance one another, which is probably, in part, the reason why the wages of labour are everywhere so much more steady and permanent than the price of provisions
96.
The increase in the wages of labour necessarily increases the price of many commodities, by increasing that part of it which resolves itself into wages, and so far tends to diminish their consumption, both at home and abroad
97.
The same cause, however, which raises the wages of labour, the increase of stock, tends to increase its productive powers, and to make a smaller quantity of labour produce a greater quantity of work
98.
The rise and fall in the profits of stock depend upon the same causes with the rise and fall in the wages of labour, the increasing or declining state of the wealth of the society ; but those causes affect the one and the other very differently
99.
The increase of stock, which raises wages, tends to lower profit
100.
It is not easy, it has already been observed, to ascertain what are the average wages of labour, even in a particular place, and at a particular time
