1.
All the countries of this area knew the ocean- India, Japan; all have learned to rely on the ocean and her bounty
2.
The Kid stepped back into the corridor and allowed me to lift my hood up so that I could see the full glory of his bounty
3.
Thank you for this bounty you have set before us
4.
rocky hollow to wait for the bounty of the oceans to come his way
5.
She pointed out the various qualities of the little shrubs, weeds, grasses, trees, and other growths of nature's bounty; she described their uses and seasons
6.
“What if they find out it’s me? I’ll have a bounty on my head,” The Killer
7.
Only one of these islands is inhabited, and some say it is the most remote place on earth to live! Most are descendents of the Bounty Mutineers and Tahitians who accompanied them
8.
"What is it that you want from us, X'ander, if not the bounty on our heads?"
9.
Today, however, the Chief was looking for bigger bounty
10.
The second event was the bounty upon the exportation of corn, granted in 1688
11.
The bounty, it has been thought by many people, by encouraging tillage, may, in a long course of years, have occasioned a greater abundance, and, consequently, a greater cheapness of corn in the home market, than what would otherwise have taken place there
12.
How far the bounty could produce this effect at any time I shall examine hereafter: I shall only observe at present, that between 1688 and 1700, it had not time to produce any such effect
13.
The scarcity which prevailed in England, from 1693 to 1699, both inclusive, though no doubt principally owing to the badness of the seasons, and, therefore, extending through a considerable part of Europe, must have been somewhat enhanced by the bounty
14.
And though the bounty which has taken place through the greater part of this century, must always raise the price of corn somewhat higher than it otherwise would be in the actual state of tillage ; yet, as in the course of this century, the bounty has had full time to produce all the good effects commonly imputed to it to encourage tillage, and thereby to increase the quantity of corn in the home market, it may, upon the principles of a system which I shall explain and examine hereafter, be supposed to have done something to lower the price of that commodity the one way, as well as to raise it the other
15.
In 1688 was granted the parliamentary bounty upon the exportation of corn
16.
The bounty was an expedient to raise it artificially to the high price at which it had frequently been sold in the times of Charles I
17.
If his calculations deserve any part of the reputation which they have obtained very universally, eight-and-forty shillings the quarter was a price which, without some such expedient as the bounty, could not at that time be expected, except in years of extraordinary scarcity
18.
The value of silver, therefore, in proportion to that of corn, had probably risen somewhat before the end of the last century; and it seems to have continued to do so during the course of the greater part of the present, though the necessary operation of the bounty must have hindered that rise from being so sensible as it otherwise would have been in the actual state of tillage
19.
In plentiful years, the bounty, by occasioning an extraordinary exportation, necessarily raises the price of corn above what it otherwise would be in those years
20.
In years of great scarcity, indeed, the bounty has generally been suspended
21.
Both in years of plenty and in years of scarcity, therefore, the bounty raises the price of corn above what it naturally would be in the actual state of tillage
22.
If during the sixty-four first years of the present century, therefore, the average price has been lower than during the sixty-four last years of the last century, it must, in the same state of tillage, have been much more so, had it not been for this operation of the bounty
23.
But, without the bounty, it may be said the state of tillage would not have been the same
24.
Between 1741 and 1750, however, the bounty must have hindered the price of corn from falling so low in the home market as it naturally would have done
25.
The bounty paid for this amounted to £ 1,514,962:17:4 1/2
26.
In 1749, accordingly, Mr Pelham, at that time prime minister, observed to the house of commons, that, for the three years preceding, a very extraordinary sum had been paid as bounty for the exportation of corn
27.
In that single year, the bounty paid amounted to no less than £ 324,176:10:6
28.
If the former have not been as much below the general average as the latter have been above it, we ought probably to impute it to the bounty
29.
He is at all times, therefore, surrounded with a multitude of retainers and dependants, who, having no equivalent to give in return for their maintenance, but being fed entirely by his bounty, must obey him, for the same reason that soldiers must obey the prince who pays them
30.
care that she’d slept through her capture? And why stay in the cave overnight? Despite the rain, you’d think he would have been eager to collect his bounty
31.
The subsistence of both is derived from his bounty, and its continuance depends upon his good pleasure
32.
Except in times of scarcity, the exportation of corn is not only free, but encouraged by a bounty
33.
In that simple state, the expense even of a sovereign is not directed by the vanity which delights in the gaudy finery of a court, but is employed in bounty to his
34.
But bounty and
35.
The high price of lean cattle, by augmenting the value of uncultivated land, is like a bounty against improvement
36.
But as the bounty upon corn occasions a greater exportation in years of plenty, so it must, of consequence, occasion a greater importation in years of scarcity, than in the actual state of tillage would otherwise take place
37.
If there were no bounty, as less corn would be exported, suit is probable that, one year with another, less would be imported than at present
38.
It is in the corn-merchants, accordingly, rather than the country gentlemen and farmers, that I have observed the greatest anxiety for the renewal and continuation of the bounty
39.
First, All those manufactures of which any part is commonly exported to other European countries without a bounty, could be very little affected by the freest importation of foreign goods
40.
But a great part of all the different branches of our woollen manufacture, of our tanned leather, and of our hardware, are annually exported to other European countries without any bounty, and these are the manufactures which employ the greatest number of hands
41.
But every branch of trade in which the merchant can sell his goods for a price which replaces to him, with the ordinary profits of stock, the whole capital employed in preparing and sending them to market, can be carried on without a bounty
42.
The bounty is given in order to make up this loss, and to encourage him to continue, or, perhaps, to begin a trade, of which the expense is supposed to be greater than the returns, of which every operation eats up a part of the capital employed in it, and which is of such a nature, that if all other trades resembled it, there would soon be no capital left in the country
43.
But if the bounty did not repay to the merchant what he would otherwise lose upon the price of his goods, his own interest would soon oblige him to employ his stock in another way, or to find out a trade in which the price of the goods would replace to him, with the ordinary profit, the capital employed in sending them to market
44.
The ingenious and well-informed author of the Tracts upon the Corn Trade has shown very clearly, that since the bounty upon the exportation of corn was first established, the price of the corn exported, valued moderately enough, has exceeded that of the corn imported, valued very high, by a much greater sum than the amount of the whole bounties which have been paid during that period
45.
He does not consider that this extraordinary expense, or the bounty, is the smallest part of the expense which the exportation of corn really costs the society
46.
Unless the price of the corn, when sold in the foreign markets, replaces not only the bounty, but this capital, together with the ordinary profits of stock, the society is a loser by the difference, or the national stock is so much diminished
47.
But the very reason for which it has been thought necessary to grant a bounty, is the supposed insufficiency of the price to do this
48.
considerably since the establishment of the bounty
49.
But this event, supposing it to be real, as I believe it to be, must have happened in spite of the bounty, and cannot possibly have happened in consequence of it
50.
It has happened in France, as well as in England, though in France there was not only no bounty, but, till 1764, the exportation of corn was subjected to a general prohibition
51.
It seems to be altogether impossible that the bounty could ever contribute to lower the price of grain
52.
In years of plenty, it has already been observed, the bounty, by occasioning an extraordinary exportation, necessarily keeps up the price of corn in the home market above what it would naturally fall to
53.
In years of scarcity, though the bounty is frequently suspended, yet the great exportation which it occasions in years of plenty, must frequently hinder, more or less, the plenty of one year from relieving the scarcity of another
54.
Both in years of plenty and in years of scarcity, therefore, the bounty necessarily tends to raise the money price of corn somewhat higher than it otherwise would be in the home market
55.
That in the actual state of tillage the bounty must necessarily have this tendency, will not, I apprehend, be disputed by any reasonable person
56.
This double encouragement must they imagine, in a long period of years, occasion such an increase in the production of corn, as may lower its price in the home market, much more than the bounty can raise it in the actual state which tillage may, at the end of that period, happen to be in
57.
I answer, that whatever extension of the foreign market can be occasioned by the bounty must, in every particular year, be altogether at the expense of the home market ; as every bushel of corn, which is exported by means of the bounty, and which would not have been exported without the bounty, would have remained in the home market to increase the consumption, and to lower the price of that commodity
58.
The corn bounty, it is to be observed, as well as every other bounty upon exportation, imposes two different taxes upon the people; first, the tax which they are obliged to contribute, in order to pay the bounty ; and,
59.
Let us suppose that, taking one year with another, the bounty of 5s
60.
Even upon this very moderate supposition, the great body of the people, over and above contributing the tax which pays the bounty of 5s
61.
The extraordinary exportation of corn, therefore occasioned by the bounty, not only in every particular year diminishes the home, just as much as it extends the foreign market and consumption, but, by restraining the population and industry of the country, its final tendency is to stint and restrain the gradual extension of the home market ; and thereby, in the long-run, rather to diminish than to augment the whole market and consumption of corn
62.
I answer, that this might be the case, if the effect of the bounty was to raise the real price of corn, or to enable the farmer, with an equal quantity of it, to maintain a greater number of labourers in the same manner, whether liberal, moderate, or scanty, than other labourers are commonly maintained in his neighbourhood
63.
But neither the bounty, it is evident, nor any other human institution, can have any such effect
64.
It is not the real, but the nominal price of corn, which can in any considerable degree be affected by the bounty
65.
Though in consequence of the bounty, therefore, the farmer should be enabled to sell his corn for 4s
66.
The bounty upon the exportation of corn necessarily operates exactly in the same way as this absurd policy of Spain and Portugal
67.
The bounty, as it raises in the home market, not so much the real, as the nominal price of our corn; as it augments, not the quantity of labour which a certain quantity of corn can maintain and employ, but only the quantity of silver which it will exchange for ; it discourages our manufactures, without rendering any considerable service, either to our farmers or country gentlemen
68.
There is, perhaps, but one set of men in the whole commonwealth to whom the bounty either was or could be essentially serviceable
69.
In years of plenty, the bounty necessarily occasioned a greater exportation than would otherwise have taken place ; and by hindering the plenty of the one year from relieving the scarcity of another, it occasioned in years of scarcity a greater importation than would otherwise have been necessary
70.
It is in this set of men, accordingly, that I have observed the greatest zeal for the continuance or renewal of the bounty
71.
Our country gentlemen, when they imposed the high duties upon the exportation of foreign corn, which in times of moderate plenty amount to a prohibition, and when they established the bounty, seem to have imitated the conduct of our manufacturers
72.
When, either by the monopoly of the home market, or by a bounty upon exportation, you enable our woollen or linen manufacturers to sell their goods for somewhat a better price than they otherwise could get for them, you raise, not only the nominal, but the real price of those goods; you render them equivalent to a greater quantity of labour and subsistence; you increase not only the nominal, but the real profit, the real wealth and revenue of those manufacturers ; and you enable them, either to live better themselves, or to employ a greater quantity of labour in those particular manufactures
73.
No bounty upon exportation, no monopoly of the home market, can raise that value
74.
Bounties upon the exportation of any homemade commodity are liable, first, to that general objection which may be made to all the different expedients of the mercantile system ; the objection of forcing some part of the industry of the country into a channel less advantageous than that in which it would run of its own accord ; and, secondly, to the particular objection of forcing it not only into a channel that is less advantageous, but into one that is actually disadvantageous ; the trade which cannot be carried on but by means of a bounty being necessarily a losing trade
75.
The bounty upon the exportation of corn is liable to this further objection, that it can in no respect promote the raising of that particular commodity of which it was meant to encourage the production
76.
When our country gentlemen, therefore, demanded the establishment of the bounty, though they acted in imitation of our merchants and manufacturers, they did not act with that complete comprehension of their own interest, which commonly directs the conduct of those two other orders of people
77.
To encourage the production of any commodity, a bounty upon production, one should imagine, would have a more direct operation than one upon exportation
78.
It would, besides, impose only one tax upon the people, that which they must contribute in order to pay the bounty
79.
But it is not the interest of merchants and manufacturers, the great inventors of all these expedients, that the home market should be overstocked with their goods; an event which a bounty upon production might sometimes occasion
80.
A bounty upon exportation, by enabling them to send abroad their surplus part, and to keep up the price of what remains in the home market, effectually prevents this
81.
I have known the different undertakers of some particular works agree privately among themselves to give a bounty out of their own pockets upon the exportation of a certain proportion of the goods which they dealt in
82.
The operation of the bounty upon corn must have been wonderfully different, if it has lowered the money price of that commodity
83.
Something like a bounty upon production, however, has been granted upon some particular occasions
84.
First, The herring-buss bounty seems too large
85.
From the commencement of the winter fishing 1771, to the end of the winter fishing 1781, the tonnage bounty upon the herring-buss fishery has been at thirty shillings the ton
86.
Upon every barrel of herrings exported, there is, besides, a bounty of 2s:8d
87.
Thirdly, The mode of fishing, for which this tonnage bounty in the white herring fishery has been given (by busses or decked vessels from twenry to eighty tons burden ), seems not so well adapted to the situation of Scotland, as to that of Holland, from the practice of which country it appears to have been borrowed
88.
But the great encouragement which a bounty of 30s
89.
necessarily a discouragement to the boat-fishery, which, having no such bounty, cannot bring its cured fish to market upon the same terms as the buss-fishery
90.
As no bounty was-paid upon the outfit of the boat-fishery, no account was taken of it by the officers of the customs or salt duties
91.
A bounty which tended to lower their price in the home market, might countribute a good deal to the relief of a great number of our fellow-subjects, whose circumstances are by no means affuent
92.
But the herring-bus bounty contributes to no such good purpose
93.
It has ruined the boat fishery, which is by far the best adapted for the supply of the home market; and the additional bounty of 2s:8d
94.
In 1750, by the same act which first gave the bounty of 30s
95.
24), a joint stock company was erected, with a capital of £500,000, to which the subscribers (over and above all other encouragements, the tonnage bounty just now mentioned, the exportation bounty of 2s:8d
96.
The bounty upon corn alone has sometimes cost the public, in one year, more than £300,000
97.
I cannot conclude this chapter concerning bounties, without observing, that the praises which have been bestowed upon the law which establishes the bounty upon the exportation of corn, and upon that system of regulations which is connected with it, are altogether unmerited
98.
Also, placing a bounty on these dangerous insects would encourage the public to assist in the cull
99.
The great cheapness of corn in the years immediately preceding the establishment of the bounty may, perhaps with reason, be ascribed in some measure to the operation of this statute of Charles II
100.
These restraints upon importation, though prior to the establishment of the bounty, were dictated by the same spirit, by the same principles, which afterwards enacted that regulation
